forward = (ActionForward) method.invoke(actionInstance, args);
        } catch (ClassCastException e) {
            log.atError()
                .setMessage(() -> messages.getMessage("dispatch.return", mapping.getPath(), name))
                .setCause(e).log();
            throw e;
        } catch (IllegalAccessException e) {
            log.atError()
                .setMessage(() -> messages.getMessage("dispatch.error", mapping.getPath(), name))
                .setCause(e).log();
            throw e;
        } catch (InvocationTargetException e) {
            // Rethrow the target exception if possible so that the
            // exception handling machinery can deal with it
            Throwable t = e.getTargetException();

            if (t instanceof Exception) {
                throw ((Exception) t);
            } else {
                log.atError()
                    .setMessage(() -> messages.getMessage("dispatch.error", mapping.getPath(),
                        name))
                    .setCause(e).log();
                throw new ServletException(t);
            }
        }

        // Return the returned ActionForward instance
        return (forward);
    }

    /**
     * Introspect the current class to identify a method of the specified name
     * that accepts the same parameter types as the <code>execute</code>
     * method does.
     *
     * @param name Name of the method to be introspected
     * @return The method with the specified name.
     * @throws NoSuchMethodException if no such method can be found
     */
    protected Method getMethod(String name)

}

    // --------------------------------------------------------- Public Methods

    /**
     * Process the specified HTTP request, and create the corresponding HTTP
     * response (or forward to another web component that will create it).
     * Return an <code>ActionForward</code> instance describing where and how
     * control should be forwarded, or <code>null</code> if the response has
     * already been completed.
     *
     * @param mapping  The ActionMapping used to select this instance
     * @param form     The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if any)
     * @param request  The HTTP request we are processing
     * @param response The HTTP response we are creating
     * @return The forward to which control should be transferred, or
     *         <code>null</code> if the response has been completed.
     * @throws Exception if an exception occurs
     */
    public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
        HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
        throws Exception {
        // Process "cancelled"
        if (isCancelled(request)) {
            ActionForward af = cancelled(mapping, form, request, response);

            if (af != null) {
                return af;
            }
        }

        // Identify the request parameter containing the method name
        String parameter = getParameter(mapping, form, request, response);

        // Get the method's name. This could be overridden in subclasses.
        String name =
            getMethodName(mapping, form, request, response, parameter);

        // Prevent recursive calls
        if ("execute".equals(name) || "perform".equals(name)) {
            String message =
                messages.getMessage("dispatch.recursive", mapping.getPath());

            log.error(message);
            throw new ServletException(message);
        }

        // Invoke the named method, and return the result
        return dispatchMethod(mapping, form, request, response, name);
    }

    /**
     * <p>Dispatches to the target class' <code>unspecified</code> method, if
     * present, otherwise throws a ServletException. Classes utilizing
     * <code>ActionDispatcher</code> should provide an <code>unspecified</code>
     * method if they wish to provide behavior different than throwing a
     * ServletException.</p>
     *
     * @param mapping  The ActionMapping used to select this instance
     * @param form     The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if any)
     * @param request  The non-HTTP request we are processing
     * @param response The non-HTTP response we are creating
     * @return The forward to which control should be transferred, or
     *         <code>null</code> if the response has been completed.
     * @throws Exception if the application business logic throws an
     *                   exception.
     */
    protected ActionForward unspecified(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
        HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
        throws Exception {
        // Identify if there is an "unspecified" method to be dispatched to
        String name = "unspecified";

return dispatchMethod(mapping, form, request, response, name, method);
    }

    /**
     * Returns the method name, given a parameter's value.
     *
     * @param mapping   The ActionMapping used to select this instance
     * @param form      The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if
     *                  any)
     * @param request   The HTTP request we are processing
     * @param response  The HTTP response we are creating
     * @param parameter The <code>ActionMapping</code> parameter's name
     * @return The method's name.
     * @throws Exception if an error occurs.
     */
    protected String getMethodName(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
            HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response,
            String parameter) throws Exception {

        StringTokenizer st = new StringTokenizer(parameter, ",");
        String defaultMethodName = null;

        while (st.hasMoreTokens()) {
            String methodKey = st.nextToken().trim();
            String methodName = methodKey;

            // The key can either be a direct method name or an alias
            // to a method as indicated by a "key=value" signature
            int equals = methodKey.indexOf('=');
            if (equals > -1) {
                methodName = methodKey.substring(equals + 1).trim();
                methodKey = methodKey.substring(0, equals).trim();
            }

            // Set the default if it passes by
            if (methodKey.equals(DEFAULT_METHOD_KEY)) {
                defaultMethodName = methodName;
            }

            // If the method key exists as a standalone parameter or with
            // the image suffixes (.x/.y), the method name has been found.
            if ((request.getParameter(methodKey) != null)
                  || (request.getParameter(methodKey + ".x") != null)) {
                return methodName;
            }
        }

        return defaultMethodName;
    }
}

}

    // ----------------------------------------------------- Protected Methods

    /**
     * Dispatch to the specified method.
     *
     * @param mapping  The ActionMapping used to select this instance
     * @param form     The optional ActionForm bean for this request (if any)
     * @param request  The non-HTTP request we are processing
     * @param response The non-HTTP response we are creating
     * @param name     The name of the method to invoke
     * @return The forward to which control should be transferred, or
     *         <code>null</code> if the response has been completed.
     * @throws Exception if the application business logic throws an
     *                   exception.
     */
    protected ActionForward dispatchMethod(ActionMapping mapping,
        ActionForm form, HttpServletRequest request,
        HttpServletResponse response, String name)
        throws Exception {
        // Make sure we have a valid method name to call.
        // This may be null if the user hacks the query string.
        if (name == null) {
            return this.unspecified(mapping, form, request, response);
        }

        // Identify the method object to be dispatched to
        Method method = null;

        try {
            method = getMethod(name);
        } catch (NoSuchMethodException e) {
            log.atError()
                .setMessage(() -> messages.getMessage("dispatch.method", mapping.getPath(), name))
                .setCause(e).log();

            String userMsg =
                messages.getMessage("dispatch.method.user", mapping.getPath());
            NoSuchMethodException e2 = new NoSuchMethodException(userMsg);
            e2.initCause(e);
            throw e2;
        }